These results may help us to understand herbicide metabolism in crops and to develop novel strategies for the safe use of herbicides.Įssential oils are hydrophobic liquids produced as secondary metabolites by specialized secretory tissues in the leaves, seeds, flowers, bark and wood of the plant, and they play an important ecological role in plants. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the induced expression of these three genes might be crucial for resistance to herbicide phytotoxicity in crops. Additionally, the enhanced expression of GSTU6, DIMBOA UGT BX8, and ABCG39 was confirmed to be induced by safener. The results of the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction indicated that 12 genes were potential metabolic genes resistant to FE in rice. A total of 31 metabolic enzyme genes related to herbicide detoxification were screened by analyzing the DEGs in different rice varieties or treatments. Transcriptome sequencing revealed numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two varieties. Isoxadifen-ethyl hydrolysate (IH) alleviated FE the inhibition of rice growth. 2 (MXZ) had different tolerance mechanisms to FE. This study showed that rice 9311 and Meixiangzhan No. The tolerance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl (FE) is distinct among different varieties of rice in which phytotoxicity forms easily, resulting in the restricted use of FE in paddy. The metabolic resistance of plants to herbicides is similar to the herbicide metabolism process accelerated by safeners. Thus, it can be adopted by farmers in the study area in place of the 2-3 manual weeding's that is usually scarce during peak periods alongside SAMNUT 22 or SAMNUT 23 to boost groundnut seed and haulm yield. From the findings of the trials, it can be deduced that application of supplementary hoe weeding at 6 WAS increased the efficacy of the pre-emergence herbicide viz-pendimethalin at 2.0 and 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1 fb SHW at 6 WAS and butachlor at 2.0 and 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1 fb SHW at 6 WAS. SAMNUT 22 and SAMNUT 23 varieties (P ≤ 0.01) significantly produced taller plants with a greater number of branches, canopy spread and number of pods plant-1. The plant height, number of branches, canopy spread, number of pods plant-1 were significantly higher with the application of hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WAS, pendimethalin at 2.0 kg a.i.ha-1 fb SHW at 6 WAS, pendimethalin at 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1 fb SHW at 6 WAS. Findings from the study indicated that weed parameters such as weed control index, treatment efficiency index and crop resistance index were significantly lower under the application of pendimethalin at 2.0 kg a.i.ha-1 fb SHW at 6 WAS and hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WAS compared to weedy check that resulted in higher value. Data were collected on weed attributes such as weed control index, treatment efficiency index, crop resistance index and weed index as well as on crop parameters such as plant height, number of branches, canopy spread, 100 kernel weight, pod yield, haulm yield and shelling percentage. The trial comprised of ten (10) weed control treatments and three varieties of groundnut which were replicated three (3) times in a split plot design. Field experiments were conducted during rainy seasons of 2018, 20 at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching and Research Farm, Gubi, to evaluate the influence of supplementary hoe weeding on the efficacy of pre-emergence herbicide and weed management of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) varieties.
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